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Senin, 02 April 2012

Direct and Indirect Speech

A. Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.



Example :

She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."



B. Indirect speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Example : I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.



There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)



Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.



TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because whwn we use reported speech, we are usually talking about atime in the past (because pbviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have ro be in the past too.
• Note : reporting verbs that are usually used ti report imperative sentence are : tell, other command, ask, warn, remind.

Present Simple
Past tense
Direct : Iis said ‘’ I eat fried chicken’’.
Indirect : Iis said that she ate fried chicken.

Past Simple
Past Perfect
Direct : Mother said ‘’ I want to market yesterday’’
Indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future Simple
Past Future
Direct : Dheppy said ‘’ I will buy a notebook next week’’.
Indirect : Dheppy said (that) she would buy a notebokk the week after.

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct : Sinta said ‘’ I’m playing badminton ‘’
Indirect : Sinta said she was plating badminton.

Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Direct : She said ‘’ I was teaching earlier’’
Indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier.


Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening)
That (evening)
Today
Yesterday
These (days)
Those (days)
Now
Then
(a week) ago
(a week) before
Last weekend
The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here
There
Next (week)
The following (week)
Tomorrow
The next/following day

 

Tense change

Direct speech
Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
Past perfect
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Past perfect continuous
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

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